PRZEGLĄD HISTORYCZNY, T. CVIII, 2017, Z. 1

Zapraszamy do zapoznania się ze SPISEM TREŚCI zeszytu 1 z 2017 roku.

KRZYSZTOF ZIMNY
Uniwersytet Warszawski
Instytut Historyczny

Troublesome allies, or once again on the problem
of Greco–Roman treaties in the First Macedonian War

Among many controversies that arouse over the treaties concluded by Rome with Greek states during the First Macedonian War there is one which merits special attention — the problem of their planned duration. The provisions included in the inscription of an alliance between the Aetolian League and Rome in 211 BC, and the way in which they were narrated by Livy seem to indicate that the alliance was formed for a specific war. They concerned a distribution of spoils, purposes and size of the aid, without clauses on protection or others regulating the mutual cooperation after the war. But a careful reading of the restof Livy’s work and that of Polybius, especially on the Aetolian–Roman conflicts in 197–193 over the cities seized from Macedonia, clearly shows that both the authors regarded the settlement as permanent. In all preserved historical sources the Romans never stated the alliance had been concluded exclusively for the duration of the First Macedonian War, despite the fact that it would be the easiest way to refute arguments of the Aetolians, based on the provisions of the treaty. Livy and Polybius share the view that also the city–states of Elis, Messene and Sparta entered into perpetual alliances with Rome, on similar terms and at the same time as the Aetolian League. The most instructive is the case of Sparta, which during its conflict with Rome in 195 invoked the treaty — just as during the conflicts with the Aetolians, the Romans, instead of denying the further duration of the alliance sought to prove that it was the other party who had broken off the alliance. But a contradiction between the provisions of the Aetolian–Roman treaty and a literary tradition is only apparent. Although those provisions seem to indicate that the treaty was to remain in force for a specified period of time, they do not exclude a permanent alliance. In the time of the ancient Greeks it was not unusual to combine elements of a permanent treaty with those of limited duration, as testified by some others preserved Greek alliance treaties. Evidently, the lost part of the inscription containing the text of the Aetolian–Roman alliance included eternal clauses omitted by Livy in his writings as they seemed unimportant for his narrative on the First Macedonian War.

MATEUSZ KOSONOWSKI
Uniwersytet Jagielloński
Instytut Historii

A critical study of Legate Reginald’s (Rajnald’s) document.
A contribution to the Polish diplomacy of the twelfth century

The present study focuses on one of the oldest, preserved in an original form, genuine Polish documents from the second half of the twelfth century — the so–called diploma of Papal Legate Reginald (Rajnald). Although the document has been known in the literature on the subject for over one hundred and fifty years (both in the form of its much illegible original, and of its fifteenth–century copy), for some time now it has not
been a subject of thorough studies of researchers, whose most acute interest in it displayed at the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth century. This essay breaks this tendency and, after some preliminary remarks and as complete as possible review of the literature, from the oldest to the most recent texts, it attempts to answer three essential questions which either remain unanswered or are given erroneous answers. The questions are as follows: 1) What is the value of the second, made in the seventeenth century, copy of the document, which has not been commented upon and not researched? (remarks on the studies of the source made on the basis of the author’s own archival search); 2) Whether the attempts made so far to identify the person of the legate and to establish a correct lection of his name are reliable? And if not, is it possible in the source text of the Christian European country of the second half of the twelfth century to indicate alternative candidates? And 3) What is the role played by Legate Reginald and his importance in historiographic contemplation of a dispute over tithes at the village of Wawrzeńczyce, which the legate sought to resolve when he was in Poland at a synod of bishops in the town of Jeżów under Cracow Bishop Gedko. The reflections close with a new, sixth critical edition of the diploma, based on the reading of the original with the use of state–of–the–arts equipments (ultraviolet lamp) and the whole preserved handwritten text.

MARTA JAWORSKA
Uniwersytet Warszawski
Instytut Historyczny

Diplomatic misunderstandings. Disputes over envoys’ gifts
at the Muscovite court in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

In her article, the author focuses on the cultural and political role and importance of gift exchange in diplomatic contacts with Muscovy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Research in the fields of social and cultural sciences often focused on social functions of the exchange of gifts. In recent years the problem has increasingly often drawn the interest of historians of diplomacy. The author attempts to present, on the basis of numerous examples of diplomatic missions, how difficult situations of conflict over gift exchange revealed the differences in diplomatic ceremonials between the courts, how important it was to understand those rituals in order to successfully negotiate and how gifts and their exchange gestures were used to demonstrate political declarations.

STEPHAN LEHNSTAEDT
Touro College Berlin

Prejudices of an Elite. The Central Powers in Occupied Poland, 1915-1918

Based on the examples of Hans von Beseler and Leopold von Andrian, the article discusses how Poles and Jews were perceived by the occupying Central Powers during WW1. Andrian and Beseler knew each other and, although allied through the Central Powers, saw themselves as adversaries as their empires had contrasting aims in
Poland. Both wrote many private letters which historians up to this day have largely ignored; this goes also for the somewhat less interesting diaries of the two antagonists. Furthermore, their official reports reveal many personal sentiments and can be used when investigating elitist perceptions. In the end, the rather reluctant approach of the occupiers is remarkable, because their leading personnel were by no means free from antisemitism and prejudices against Poles. However, they did not formulate recommendations – let alone instructions for action – on the basis of these stereotypes. The Generalgouvernement in Warsaw took deliberate care not to discriminate against a national group. Concepts of social order were limited rather pragmatically to securing and facilitating German rule – which did not imply a rearrangement of ethnic relations. Even the proclamation of the Kingdom of Poland in November 1916 did not change this. A bit later, however, Beseler abandoned this principle of neutrality in favor of the German minority, sponsored their legal status and guaranteed them autonomous schooling. Nevertheless, this did not imply primacy over Poles; it was much more about preserving some minority privileges. From none of the documents one can deduce a direct link to Andrian’s or Beseler’s political actions, which often opposed personal sentiments. It seems quite clear that during World War I social and political norms existed that – despite all prejudices – restricted the horizon of action and thought. This would then be the exact opposite of what occurred under German rule during World War II. State ideology and politics do matter, for the Kaiserreich, the Dual Monarchy, and National Socialism.

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Krzysztof Zimny
Uniwersytet Warszawski
Instytut Historyczny
ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28
00-927 Warszawa

Mateusz Kosonowski
Uniwersytet Jagielloński
Instytut Historii
ul. Gołębia 13
31-007 Kraków

Marta Jaworska
Uniwersytet Warszawski
Instytut Historyczny
ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28
00-927 Warszawa

Stephan Lehnstaedt
Touro College Berlin
Campus Am Rupenhorn
Am Rupenhorn 5
14055 Berlin

Przemysław Nowak
Polska Akademia Nauk
Instytut Historii
Rynek Starego Miasta 29/31
00-272 Warszawa

Daniel Kiper
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Ośrodek Archiwów, Bibliotek i Muzeów Kościelnych
ul. Chopina 29/7
20-023 Lublin

Agnieszka Janiak-Jasińska
Uniwersytet Warszawski
Instytut Historyczny
ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28
00-927 Warszawa

Andrzej Szwarc
Uniwersytet Warszawski
Instytut Historyczny
ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28
00-927 Warszawa

Tadeusz Rutkowski
Uniwersytet Warszawski
Instytut Historyczny
ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28
00-927 Warszawa

Rafał T. Prinke
Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego im. Eugeniusza Piaseckiego w Poznaniu
Wydział Turystyki i Rekreacji
ul. Królowej Jadwigi 27/39
61-871 Poznań

Anna Kalinowska
Polska Akademia Nauk
Instytut Historii
Rynek Starego Miasta 29/31
00-272 Warszawa

Piotr J. Wróbel
University of Toronto
Department of History
Room 2074, Sidney Smith Hall 100
St. George Street Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3

Adam Kowalik
Uniwersytet Warszawski
Instytut Historyczny
ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28
00-927 Warszawa

Maciej Górny
Polska Akademia Nauk
Instytut Historii
Rynek Starego Miasta 29/31
00-272 Warszawa

Emil Kalinowski
Uniwersytet Warszawski
Instytut Historyczny
ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28
00-927 Warszawa